Bent Pyramid Insight In Egyptian Architectural History

The Bent Pyramid in Dahshur, Egypt is unique among pyramids: instead of being a perfect pyramid shape, the slope changes about 2/3 of the way to the top. It is also one of five Old Kingdom Pyramids that retain their original form, 4,500 years after their construction. All of them—the Bent and Red Pyramids at Dahshur and the three Pyramids at Giza—were built within a single century. Out of all five, the Bent Pyramid is the best opportunity we have for understanding how architectural techniques of ancient Egypt were developed. Statistics The Bent Pyramid is located near Saqqara, and it was built during the reign of the Old Kingdom Egyptian pharaoh Snefru, sometimes transliterated from the hieroglyphs as Snofru or Sneferu. Snefru ruled Upper and Lower Egypt between 2680-2565 BCE or 2575-2551 BCE, depending on which chronology you use. The Bent Pyramid is 189 meters (620 feet) square at its base and 105 m (345 ft) tall. It has two distinct interior apartments designed and built independently and connected only by a narrow passageway. Entrances to these rooms are located on the north and west faces of the pyramid. It is unknown who was buried inside of the Bent Pyramid—their mummies were stolen in ancient times. Why is it Bent? The pyramid is called bent because of that steep change in slope. To be precise, the lower part of the pyramids outline is angled inward at 54 degrees, 31 minutes, and then at 49 m (165 ft) above the base, the slope abruptly flattens out to 43 degrees, 21 minutes, leaving a distinctively odd shape. Several theories about why the pyramid was made this way were prevalent in Egyptology until recently. They included the premature death of the pharaoh, requiring the speedy completion of the pyramid; or that noises coming from the interior clued the builders into the fact that the angle was not sustainable. To Bend or Not to Bend Archaeoastronomer Juan Antonio Belmonte and engineer Giulio Magli have argued that the Bent Pyramid was built at the same time as the Red Pyramid, a pair of monuments built to celebrate Snefru as the double-king: pharaoh of the Red Crown of the north and the White Crown of the South. Magli, in particular, has argued that the bend was an intentional element of the Bent Pyramids architecture, meant to establish an astronomical alignment appropriate to Snefrus sun cult. The most commonly held theory today is that a comparably sloped pyramid—Meidum, also thought to have been built by Snefru—collapsed while the Bent Pyramid was still under construction, and the architects adjusted their building techniques to make sure the Bent Pyramid would not do the same. A Technological Breakthrough Intentional or not, the Bent Pyramids odd appearance provides insight into the technical and architectural breakthrough it represents in Old Kingdom monument building. The dimensions and weight of the stone blocks are much greater than its predecessors, and the construction technique of the outer casings is quite different. Earlier pyramids were constructed with a central core with no functional distinctions between casing and external layer: the experimenting architects of the Bent Pyramid tried something different. Like the earlier Step Pyramid, the Bent pyramid has a central core with progressively smaller horizontal courses stacked on top of one another. To fill in the external steps and make a smooth-faced triangle, the architects needed to add casing blocks. The Meidum pyramids outer casings were formed by cutting sloped edges on horizontally placed blocks: but that pyramid failed, spectacularly, its outer casings falling off it in a catastrophic landslide as it neared completion. The Bent Pyramids casings were cut as rectangular blocks, but they were laid sloping inward at 17 degrees against the horizontal. That is technically more difficult, but it gives strength and solidity to the building, taking advantage of gravity pulling the mass inward and downward. This technology was invented during the construction: in the 1970s, Kurt Mendelssohn suggested that when Meidum collapsed, the core of the Bent Pyramid was already built to a height of about 50 m (165 ft), so instead of starting from scratch, the builders changed the way the outer casings were constructed. By the time Cheops pyramid at Giza was constructed a few decades later, those architects used improved, better-fitting and better-shaped limestone blocks as casings, permitting that steep and lovely 54-degree angle to survive. A Complex of Buildings In the 1950s, archaeologist  Ahmed Fakhry  discovered that the Bent Pyramid was surrounded by a complex of temples, residential structures and causeways, hidden beneath the shifting sands of the Dahshur plateau. Causeways and orthogonal roads connect the structures: some were built or added on to during the Middle Kingdom, but much of the complex is attributed to the reign of Snefru or his 5th dynasty successors. All later pyramids are also part of complexes, but the Bent Pyramids is one of the earliest examples. The Bent Pyramid complex includes a small upper temple or chapel to the east of the pyramid, a causeway and a valley temple. The Valley Temple is a rectangular 47.5x27.5 m (155.8x90 ft) stone building with an open courtyard and a gallery that probably held six statues of Snefru. Its stone walls are about 2 m (6.5 ft) thick. Residential and Administrative An extensive (34x25 m or 112x82 ft) mud brick structure with much thinner walls (.3-.4 m or 1-1.3 ft) was adjacent to the valley temple, and it was accompanied by round silos and square storage buildings. A garden with some palm trees stood nearby, and a mud-brick enclosure wall surrounded all of it. Based on archaeological remains, this set of buildings served a range of purposes, from domestic and residential to administrative and storage. A total of 42 clay sealing fragments naming fifth dynasty rulers was found in a midden east of the valley temple. South of the Bent pyramid is a smaller pyramid, 30 m (100 ft) high with an overall slope of about 44.5 degrees. The small inner chamber may have held another statue of Snefru, this one to hold the Ka, the symbolic vital spirit of the king. Arguably, the Red Pyramid could be part of the intended Bent Pyramid complex. Built roughly at the same time, the Red Pyramid is the same height, but faced with reddish limestone—scholars surmise that this is the pyramid where Snefru himself was buried, but of course, his mummy was looted long ago. Other features of the complex include a necropolis with Old Kingdom tombs and Middle Kingdom burials, located east of the Red Pyramid. Archaeology and History The primary archaeologist associated with excavations in the 19th century was William Henry Flinders Petrie; and in the 20th century, it was Ahmed Fakhry. Ongoing excavations are being conducted at Dahshur by the German Archaeological Institute at Cairo and the Free University of Berlin. Sources Aboulfotouh, Hossam M. K. Astronomical Algorithms of Egyptian Pyramids Slopes Adn Their Modules Divider. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 15.3 (2015): 225–35. Print.Alexanian, Nicole, and Felix Arnold. The Necropolis of Dahshur: Eleventh Excavation Report Spring 2014. Berlin: German Archaeological Institute and Free University of Berlin, 2014. Print.Alexanian, Nicole, et al. The Necropolis of Dahshur: Fifth Excavation Report Spring 2008. Berlin: German Archaeological Institute and Free University of Berlin, 2008. Print.Belmonte, Juan Antonio, and Giulio Magli. Astronomy, Architecture, and Symbolism: The Global Project of Sneferu at Dahshur. Journal for the History of Astronomy 46.2 (2015): 173–205. Print.MacKenzie, Kenneth J. D., et al. Were the Casing Stones of Senefrus Bent Pyramid in Dahshour Cast or Carved?: Multinuclear Nmr Evidence. Materials Letters 65.2 (2011): 350–52. Print.Magli, Giulio. The Giza ‘Written’ Landscape and the Double Project of King Khufu. Time and Mind 9.1 (2016): 57-74. Print.Mendelssohn, K. A Building Disaster at the Meidum Pyramid. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 59 (1973): 60–71. Print.Moeller, Nadine. The Archaeology of Urbanism in Ancient Egypt from the Predynastic Period to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Camridge University Press, 2016. Print.Mà ¼ller-Rà ¶mer, Frank. A New Consideration of the Construction Methods of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 44 (2008): 113–40. Print.Reader, Colin. On Pyramid Causeways. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 90 (2004): 63–71. Print.Rossi, Corinna. Note on the Pyramidion Found at Dahshur. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 85 (1999): 219–22. Print.

Retailing and Sample Business Plan - 5186 Words

SAMPLE BUSINESS PLAN SAM’S KIDS STORE, INC Disclaimer: This is a sample business plan, so the company and business information are fictitious. This plan reflects our standard business plan model, and changes in outline and structure can be made as per client specifications. GENERAL COMPANY DESCRIPTION.......................................................................4 MARKETING PLAN................................................................................................8 C.Market Growth:...................................................................................................................11 E.Market†¦show more content†¦Childrens T-Shirts An exclusive range of full sleeve childrens t-shirts Half Sleeve T-Shirts We offer a broad range of half-sleeve t-shirts Cotton Knickers Knickers are one of the trendiest as well as the most comfortable garment for kids, Available in eye catching prints and colors. II. Benefits and Features: Highlighted features: - Lovely designs and prints Eye-catching colors Long-lasting Apparels BizPlanCorner.com Sample Business Plan 6 - Comfortable to wear Available in various sizes III. Why people need this service? A number of the factors that have made us the ideal choice of our customers are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Various variety under a single roof Quality guaranteed goods Customization Capacity to accept mass orders Well-timed delivery Easy payment modes of Cash BizPlanCorner.com Sample Business Plan 7 Marketing Plan I. Market Analysis: A. Market Description US kids wear market is highly competitive market, especially after big retail stores and chains like Wal-Mart, Gap etc entered in the market. Market is shifting from growth to maturity. 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Senseless A False Sense Of Perception Essay Paper Example For Students

Senseless: A False Sense Of Perception Essay Paper I feel as though I have no choice but to be a skeptic about our abilityto know the world on the sense experience given the information that is beingpresented. Our senses are touching, hearing, smelling and tasting, I believe it isquite possible that a person could think they see, touch, and smell somethingsuch as a glass of bear but there be no glass of beer present, therefore theirperception of this glass of beer is false. There is a good possibility thatthis person is suffering from any of the numerous possible sensations, auditory,visual or tactile, experienced without external stimulus and caused by mentalderangement, intoxication or fever, in other words this person could behallucinating. There are many ways that the senses can be tricked into believing thingsthat are not true, an example is when a person takes the drug LSD, this drug isone which alters the state of the mind and tricks it into visually perceivingthings which are not real such as pink elephants, green rats, gold skin and soon. Hallucinations may occur when pressure is applied to different sections,drawing different reactions from the person being affected, these reactions arecaused by the affected person seeing things which they perceive to be real . Hallucinations are only one way by which the visual perception of an object canbe altered there are many more ways by which the visual perception of an objectcan be altered; for example consider a square envelope, pay very close attentionto what you see when you look at this object. If the envelope does not move butyou do then your perception of this object will continually change as you moveabout and the square envelope no longer looks square. Because a square objectsuch as an envelope cant be square and not square at the same time then thevisual perception of the object must be false. Another false visual perception would be a mirage, for example when youdrive down a flat stretch of highway on a hot summer day it appears as thoughthere are patches of water on the road up ahead, as you get closer and closerto where the water appears to be it disappears. Another example would beillusions with mirrors such as the ones that David Copperfield performs, in hisperformances he astounds audiences by making it appear as if people arefloating on air. In regard to the debate in section 11 of Philosophical Problems andArguments I tend to agree with premise one which states that we can sometimesbe mistaken in our perceptual beliefs, for example when we hallucinate we aremistaken in our perceptual although we may not realize it at that particularpoint in time. As for premise two I tend not to agree with this one, I dontbelieve that it is always logically possible that our perceptual beliefs arefalse other wise we would all be hallucinating and I find it hard to grasp thatbillions and billions of people are hallucinating. As for the final premise andthe conclusion I tend to believe that they are both false because they bothrelay on the second premise being true. It is said that seeing is believing but with hallucinations, opticalillusions and other false visual perceptions occurring without people evenrealizing it, you have got to wonder who came up with the term seeing isbelieving and how it could ever be possible that somebody would believe such aludicrous statement. Category: Philosophy